| Type of microorganism |
Fungus |
| Microorganism name |
Fusarium venenatum
|
| Temperature range |
28-30°C (Wiebe, 2002a)
|
| pH range |
pH 6 (Wiebe, 2002a)
|
| Carbon and nitrogen source |
Glucose, Ammonium (Wiebe, 2002a)
|
| Growth rate (µ) |
|
| Companies (product) |
|
| Wild-type or GMO |
Wild-type |
| Feedstock case studies (suitable substrates) |
|
| % SCP (w/w percentage of protein in dried biomass) |
44% (Moore et at., 2021)
|
| cell biomass dry weight (CDW) = biomass yield? (g/L or g/g?) (weight of biomass/total weight or volume) |
30% (w/w) on industrial scale on glucose as C source (Moore et al., 2021)
|
| Protein content in final product |
12,2% (w/w) (Moore et al., 2021)
|
| Protein titer (g/L or g/g?) grams of protein / total weight or volume |
13.2% (w/w) (own calculation based on Moore et al. (2021)) on industrial scale on glucose as C source
|
| Productivity (g/Lh) |
2,1 (own calculation based on Wiebe, (2002a)) on industrial scale with glucose as C source
|
| Protein yield on C-source (% w/w) |
13,6 % (w/w) on glucose on industrial scale (Moore et al., 2021)
|
| Scale |
Industial (150 000 L) (Wiebe, 2002a)
|
| Downstream purification processing complexity |
Centrigugation step to isolate. Heat treatment is required to reduce RNA content. Overall minimal downstream processing. (Wiebe, 2002a)
|
| Nucleic acid content |
10% before reduction, 1% after (Wiebe, 2002a)
|
| Techno-functional and/or nutritional properties (e.g. meat-like texture, amino acid profile, digestibility) |
High protein content (all amino acids present), rich in fiber, low in saturated fats, meat-like texture, high digestibility (Wiebe 2002a)
|
| Target application (Food, feed, other) |
Used in food as a meat alternative |
| Advantages |
Low saturated fat content and no cholesterol present in the product, leading to reduced blood cholesterol levels (Turnbull et al., 1992)
|
| Challenges (Key limitations, risk factors) |
Potentially allergenic for some people. Not adviced for children under three years old (Denny et al. 2008)
|
| Regulatory status in Europe |
Allowed & on the market in Europe, not under the Novel Food Regulation
|
| Regulatory status in other parts of the world |
Quorn has been approved for sale by some of the world’s leading health agencies, including the US Food & Drug Administration, Health Canada, UK Food Standards Agency and Food Safety Australia New Zealand.
|
| Extra/remark |
|
| Publications/references |
-
Wiebe, M. (2002a). Myco-protein from Fusarium venenatu : a well-established product for human consumption. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 58(4), 421–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-0931-x
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Upcraft, T., Tu, W., Johnson, R., Finnigan, T., Van Hung, N., Hallett, J., & Guo, M. (2021). Protein from renewable resources: mycoprotein production from agricultural residues. Green Chemistry, 23(14), 5150–5165. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01021b
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Denny, A., Aisbitt, B., & Lunn, J. (2008). Mycoprotein and health. Nutrition Bulletin, 33(4), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2008.00730.x
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Turnbull, W., Leeds, A., & Edwards, D. (1992). Mycoprotein reduces blood lipids in free-living subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55(2), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.2.415
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Wiebe, M. G. (2002b). Siderophore production by Fusarium venenatum A3/5. Biochemical Society Transactions, 30(4), 696–698. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0300696
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Moore, D., Robson, G., and Trinci, A. (2021). “The Quorn fermentation and evolution in fermenters” in 21st century guidebook to Fungi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
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Reihani, S. F. S., & Khosravi-Darani, K. (2018). Mycoprotein Production from Date Waste Using Fusarium venenatum in a Submerged Culture. Applied Food Biotechnology, 5(4), 243–352. https://doi.org/10.22037/afb.v5i4.23139
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